The Science Behind Braincare

Cusick, S.E, and Georgieff, M.K. 2016. The Role of Nutrition in Brain Development: The Golden Opportunity of the “First 1000 Days.” Journal of Pediatrics 175: 16-21. 

Griesbauer, E.M., et al. 2022. London Taxi Drivers: A Review of Neurocognitive Studies and an Exploration of How They Build Their Cognitive Map of London. Hippocampus 32: 3-20.  

Beatriz, G., et al. 2013. Dissecting Phenotypic Traits Linked to Human Resilience to Alzheimer’s Pathology. Brain 136: 2510–2526.

Bredesen, D.E., et al. 2021. Case Study: A Precision Medicine Approach to Multifactorial Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinsonism 11 (Supplement 5): 018.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Subjective Cognitive Decline — A Public Health Issue, published online, www.cdc.gov.

Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures, www.alz.org.

Livingston, G., et al. 2020. Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care: 2020 Report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet  396: 413-446. 

National Institutes of Health. 2020. Combination of Healthy LIfestyle Traits May Substantially Reduce Alzheimer’s, www.nih.gov, June 17.

Peters, R. et al. 2022. Blood Pressure Lowering and Prevention of Dementia: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis. European Heart Journal 43: 4980-4990.

Welty, F.K. 2023. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Function. Current Opinion in Lipidology 34: 12-21.  

Aday, A.W., and Ridker, P.M. 2018. Antiinflammatory Therapy in Clinical Care: The CANTOS Trial and Beyond. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine  5: 62.

Solfrizzi, v., et al. 2003. The Role of Diet in Cognitive Decline. Journal of Neurotransmission 110: 95-110.

Tian, Z., et al. 2022. Neuroinflammation in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Current Evidence, Advances, and Prospects. International Journal of Popular Sciences 23: 6224.  

Brubacher, D., et al. 2004. Weight change and cognitive performance. International Journal of Obesity 28: 1163–1167. 

Excitotoxins in Your Food. www.drsearswellnessinstitute.org.

Hsu, T.M., et al. 2015.  Effects of Sucrose and High Fructose Corn Syrup Consumption on Spatial Memory Function and Hippocampal Neuroinflammation in Adolescent Rats. Hippocampus 25: 227-239.

Luckstein, K. 2012. Mayo Clinic: Sugar-Rich Diets Linked to Cognitive Impairment in Seniors. Mayo Clinic in the News, www.inthenews.mayoclinic.org, published online October 17.

Michailidis, M., et al.  2022. Alzheimer's Disease as Type 3 Diabetes: Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms between Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23: 2687.

Pace, M.P., et al. 2017. Sugar- and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and the Risks of Incident Stroke and Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study. Stroke 48: 1139-1146.

Rao, P., et al. 2018. Addressing the sugar, salt, and fat issue the science of food way. NPJ Science of Food 2: 12. 

Almeida, S., et al. 2016. Are Polyphenols Strong Dietary Agents Against Neurotoxicity and Neurodegeneration? Neurotoxicity Research 30: 345-366.

Castelli, V., et al. 2018. Diet and Brain Health: Which Role for Polyphenols? Current Pharmaceutical Design 24: 227-238.

Glade, M.J., and Smith, K. 2015. Phosphatidylserine and the Human Brain. Nutrients 31: 781-786.

Hajialyani, M., et al. 2019. Hesperidin as a Neuroprotective Agent: A Review of Animal and Clinical Evidence. Molecules 24: 648. 

Kansatar, U., et al. 2023. Choline Supplements: An Update. Frontiers in Endocrinology 14: 1148166.

Kaur, D., et al. 2021. Decrypting the Potential Role of α-Lipoic Acid in Alzheimer's Disease. Life Sciences 284: 119899.

Khan, H., et al. 2019. Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 10: 59.

Mancini, E., et al.  2017. Green Tea Effects on Cognition, Mood and Human Brain Function: A Systematic Review. Phytomedicine 34: 26-37.

Mishra, S., and Palanivelu, K. 2008. The Effect of Curcumin (Turmeric) on Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview. Annals of the Indian Academy of    Neurology 11: 13-19.

Ng, T.P., et al. 2006. Curry Consumption and Cognitive Function in the Elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology. 164: 898-906.

Pottala, J.V., et al. 2014. Higher RBC EPA + DHA corresponds with Larger Total Brain and Hippocampal Volumes: WHIMS-MRI study. Neurology 82: 435-442.

Sabogal-Guáqueta, A.M., et al. 2015. The Flavonoid Quercetin Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Protects Cognitive and Emotional Function in Aged Triple Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice. Neuropharmacology 93: 134-145.

Schaefer, E.J., et al. 2006. Plasma phosphatidylcholine docosahexaenoic acid content and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Archives of Neurology 63: 1545-1550. 

Scandiffio, R., et al. 2020.  Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation. Nutrients 12: 3273. 

Smyth, A., et al. 2015. Healthy Eating and Reduced Risk of Cognitive Decline – A Cohort from 40 Countries. Neurology 84: 2258-2265.

Brenowitz, W., et al. 2021. Depressive Symptoms Imputed Across the Life Course Are Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Cognitive Decline. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 83: 1379-1389.

Bubu, O. M., et al. 2017. Sleep, Cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sleep 40: 10. 

Dominguez, L.J., et al. 2021. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients 13: 4080.

2016. The Health Advantages of Marriage. Harvard Health Publishing, www.health.harvard.edu, published online November 30.

2022. Novel Derivative of “Love Hormone” Oxytocin Improves Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's. Science Daily, published online October 24. 

Gholamnezhad, Z., et al. Exercise and Dementia. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1228: 303-315.

Greenberg, M.S., et al. 2014. Stress, PTSD, and dementia. Alzheimer’s and Dementia 10(3 Supplement): S155-165.

Irwin, M.R., and Vitiello, M.V.  2019. Implications of Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation for Alzheimer's Disease Dementia. The Lancet Neurology 18: 296-306.

Kim, E.S., et al. 2019. Optimism and Healthy Aging in Women and Men. American Journal of Epidemiology 188: 1084-1091.

Lemche, E. 2018. Early Life Stress and Epigenetics in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Dementia: A Systematic Review. Current Genomics 19: 522-602.

Liguori, C., et al. 2017. Hypothalamic Dysfunction Is Related to Sleep Impairment and CSF Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of Neurology 264: 2215-2223.

McQuaid, R.J., et al. 2014. Making Room for Oxytocin in Understanding Depression. 45:305-322. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 45: 305-322.

Momenabadi, S., 2020. Oxytocin Reduces Brain Injury and Maintains Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity After Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Neuromolecular Medicine 22: 557-571.

Pase, M.P., et al. 2017. Sleep Architecture and the Risk of Incident Dementia in the Community. Neurology 89: 1244-1250.

Phillips, C. 2017. Lifestyle Modulators of Neuroplasticity: How Physical Activity, Mental Engagement, and Diet Promote Cognitive Health during Aging. Neural Plasticity 2017: 3589271. 

Porter, V.R., et al. 2015. Sleep, Cognition and Dementia. Current Psychiatry Reports 17: 97.

Robbins, R., et al. 2021. Examining Sleep Deficiency and Disturbance and Their Risk for Incident Dementia and All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults across 5 Years in the United States. Aging 13: 3254-3268.

Sabia, S., et al. 2021. Association of Sleep Duration in Middle and Old Age with Incidence of Dementia. Nature Communication 12: 2289.

Arab, L., and Ang, A. 2015. A cross sectional study of the association between walnut consumption and cognitive function among adult US populations represented in NHANES. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 19: 284-290.

Calderaro, A., et al. 2022. The Neuroprotective Potentiality of Flavonoids on Alzheimer's Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23: 14835.

Martins, L.B., et al. 2021. The Link between Nutrition and Alzheimer's Disease: from Prevention to Treatment. Neurodegenerative Disease Management 11: 155-166.

Moore, K., et al. 2018. Diet, Nutrition and the Aging Brain: Current Evidence and New Directions. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 77: 152-163.

Morris, M.C. 2016. Nutrition and Risk of Dementia: Overview and Methodological Issues. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 67: 31-37. 

Geller, A.I., et al. 2015. Emergency Department Visits for Adverse Events Related to Dietary Supplements. New England Journal of Medicine 373: 1531-1540.

Friedl KE, Breivik TJ, Carter R 3rd, Leyk D, Opstad PK, Taverniers J, Trousselard M. Soldier Health Habits and the Metabolically Optimized Brain. Mil Med. 2016 Nov;181(11):e1499-e1507

Lieberman HR. Nutrition, brain function and cognitive performance. Appetite. 2003 Jun;40(3):245-54.

Higher level of certain fatty acid associated with lower dementia risk.Schaefer et al. JAMA Neurology, 2006;63:1527- 1528

Red Blood Cell Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Markers of AcceleratedBrain Aging. Tan ZS, Harris WS, Beiser AS, et al. Neurology 2012;78:658-664.

Zhang J, Sasaki S, Amano K, Kesteloot H. Fish consumption and mortalityfrom all causes, ischemic heart disease, and stroke: an ecological study.Prev Med 1999;28:520–9.

Higher Omega-3 Index score is associated with a larger volume of greymatter in the memory region of the brain. Pottala et al. Neurology 2014Jan; 10.1212/WNLIncreased cell levels of EPA/DHA improved memory scores in healthyyoung adults. Stonehouse et al. American J. of Clinical Nutrition,2013;97:1134-1143

The level of DHA in children’s blood cells significantly predicts their abilityto concentrate & learn at school. Montgomery et al. PLoS ONE, 2013;8:e66697

Low Omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cells associated with aggressive andADHD behaviors. Meyer et al. PLoS ONE, 2015;10(6)

Association between Blood Omega-3 Index and Cognition in TypicallyDeveloping Dutch Adolescents. Van der Wurff IS, von Schacky C, Berge K,Zeegers MP, Kirschner PA, de Groot RH; Nutrients. 2016 Jan 2;8(1). pii:E13.

Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior and mood: Clinical findingsand structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids.Kidd, P. M. Alternative Medicine Review, 2007;12, 207–227

A meta-analytic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials ofantidepressant efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids. Lin PY1, Su KP., J ClinPsychiatry. 2007 Jul;68(7):1056-61

Are omega-3 fatty acids antidepressants or just moodimproving agents?The effect depends upon diagnosis, supplement preparation, and severityof depression. Lin PY, Mischoulon D, Freeman MP, Matsuoka Y, Hibbeln J,Belmaker RH, Su KP. Molecular Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;17(12):1161-3

Omega-3 fatty acids improve recovery, whereas omega-6 fatty acidsworsen outcome, after spinal cord injury in the adult rat. King VR1, HuangWL, Dyall SC, Curran OE, Priestley JV, Michael-Titus AT. Journal ofNeuroscience, 2006;26(17):4672- 80.

The effect of fatty or lean fish intake on inflammatory gene expression inperipheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with coronary heartdisease. De Mello VD, Erkkilä AT, Schwab US, et al. Eur J Nutr. 2009Dec;48(8):447-55.

The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio, genetic variation, andcardiovascular disease.Simopoulos AP.Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17Suppl 1:131-4.

Promotion of prostatic metastatic migration towards human bone marrowstoma by Omega 6 and its inhibition by Omega 3 PUFAs. M D Brown1, CA Hart1, E Gazi1, S Bagley2 and N W Clarke. British Journal of Cancer(2006) 94, 842–853.

A high Omega-3 Index may provide effective pain relief for people withchronic musculoskeletal pain. Cleland et al. Nutrition & Dietetics.2009:66;4-6

Higher Omega-3 levels could reduce the incidence of neck and back painand reduce the need for medication. Lembke et all. J Sports Sci Med.2014 Jan;13(1):151-156

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases.Simopoulos AP.J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Dec;21(6):495-505.

Bailes JE1, Mills JD. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces traumatic axonalinjury in a rodent head injury model. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2010Sep;27(9):1617-24.

Mills JD1, Hadley K, Bailes JE. Dietary supplementation with the omega-3fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery.2011 Feb;68(2):474-81; discussion 481.

Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth anddevelopment. Simopoulos AP.Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Sep;54(3):438-63.

The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio incardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Simopoulos AP.ExpBiol Med (Maywood). 2008 Jun;233(6):674-88. doi: 10.3181/0711-MR-311. Epub 2008 Apr 11.

University of Maryland Medical Center.http://www.umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/omega 3-fatty-acids

Connecting leptin signaling to biological function. MB Allison, MG Myers.Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular and IntegrativePhysiology, University of Michigan. J Endocrinol. 10/1/14; 223 T25-T35.

Palmitic acid mediates hypothalamic insulin resistance by altering PKC-θsubcellular localization in rodents. Benoit et all. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(9):2577-2589. doi:10.1172/JCI36714.

Nutritional and insulin regulation of fatty acid synthetase and leptin geneexpression through ADD1/SREBP1. Kim et all. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jan 1;101(1): 1–9.

Effects of Step-Wise Increases in Dietary Carbohydrate on CirculatingSaturated Fatty Acids and Palmitoleic Acid in Adults with MetabolicSyndrome. Brittanie et all. PLoS One. 2014; 9(11): e113605.

Should dietary SFA be exchanged for linoleic acid? Frits AJ Muskiet. AmJ Clin Nutr. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.044990 October 2012 vol. 96 no. 4944-945

Katan MB, Zock PL, Mensink RP. Trans fatty acids and their effects onlipoproteins in humans. Annual Review of Nutrition. 1995 Jul;15(1):473-93.

Mozaffarian D, Pischon T, Hankinson SE, Rifai N, Joshipura K, Willett WC,Rimm EB. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation inwomen. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 Apr1;79(4):606-12.

Thomas LH, Jones PR, Winter JA, Smith H. Hydrogenated oils and fats:the presence of chemically-modified fatty acids in human adipose tissue.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1981 May 1;34(5):877-86.

Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on high-densityand low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects. NewEngland Journal of Medicine. 1990 Aug 16;323(7):439-45

Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Rosner BA,Hennekens CH, Sampson LA. Intake of trans fatty acids and risk ofcoronary heart disease among women. The Lancet. 1993 Mar6;341(8845):581-5

Brandt EJ, Myerson R, Perraillon MC, Polonsky TS. Hospital admissionsfor myocardial infarction and stroke before and after the trans-fatty acidrestrictions in New York. JAMA cardiology. 2017 Jun 1;2(6):627-34